Park’s group found only about 50 of the 20,000-25,000 genes that make up the human genome were expressed differently between the two cell types. He then reprogrammed those skin cells into iPS cells before sequencing the gene products of the two cell types to see if they were identical.Īfter sequencing, the researchers teamed up with Soohyun Lee, a research fellow at HMS, and Peter Park, PhD, HSCI Affiliated Faculty member and co-senior author on the study. Jiho Choi, a PhD student in the Hochedlinger lab and first author on the paper, “tricked” human ES cells into becoming human iPS cells by first coaxing two well-studied lines of ES cells to form skin cells. Then if they were to see variation, it would likely be from the reprogramming process and not the cells’ genetic backgrounds. In order to compare cell types, Hochedlinger and his colleagues needed to start with cells that were genetically identical. A side-by-side comparison would show variation, but it would remain unclear whether the variation was due to the difference between sex, race, and/or ancestry in the two cells, or from the reprogramming process. Researchers want to know if the reprogramming process that converts an adult cell into an iPS cell somehow changes the cell’s ability to properly regulate its genes – making the artificial stem cell behave differently, but it is difficult to tell by comparing these two cell types to eachother.īecause the cells come from two different sources, they are inherently genetically different. Konrad Hochedlinger, PhD, HSCI Principal Faculty member, a senior author on the paper, and a leader in studying iPS cell reprogramming, said his lab has been working to “understand if these artificially generated stem cells, the induced pluripotent stem cells, are equivalent to embryonic stem cells.”Įxperiments designed to compare iPS cells to ES cells are difficult to carry out, said Hochedlinger. Hundreds of research experiments have been conducted, some suggesting the two types are functionally similar and can be used interchangeably and others suggesting they are fundamentally different. The discovery, however, ignited a debate that is still ongoing over whether iPS cells are as good as ES cells. When Shinya Yamanaka discovered how to engineer adult somatic cells to a state where they, too, had this potential – a discovery for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize - scientists could then reprogram nearly any type of adult cell, including the oft-used skin and blood cells, to make induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells. The findings were published this week in Nature Biotechnology.įrom 1998 until 2007 embryonic stem cells (ES cells) were the only human cells known with the potential to become any other type of cell in the body. Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI) researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School have found new evidence suggesting some human induced pluripotent stem cells are the “functional equivalent” of human embryonic stem cells, a finding that may begin to settle a long running argument. Experimental "trick" lets researchers compare embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells in new wayīy Hannah L. HSCI researchers made artificial stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), from embryonic stem cells, then turned those iPSCs into the neural cells pictured here.
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